Short answer: Singapore's grid emission factor for 2024 is 0.402 kg of CO2 per kWh, published by the Energy Market Authority (EMA) in Singapore Energy Statistics 2025, Chapter 2. Multiply the kWh on your electricity bills by 0.402 to get your Scope 2 emissions in kg of CO2.
What the grid emission factor is
Every kWh you use was generated somewhere on Singapore's grid, mostly at power stations that burn fuel. The grid emission factor tells you, on average, how much CO2 was released to produce one kWh. It turns a number you already have (kWh on your bill) into the number your customer is asking for (emissions).
EMA publishes it each year in Singapore Energy Statistics. A few points about the figure:
- It's an average operating margin figure: the average across the whole grid, not your particular electricity plan or retailer.
- It covers CO2 only. EMA doesn't publish a CO2-equivalent grid factor, so label the result "CO2", not "CO2e".
Using a grid average like this is what the GHG Protocol calls the location-based method for Scope 2. New to the scopes? Start with Scope 1 vs Scope 2 emissions, in plain English.
How to use it, step by step
- Confirm the reporting period. For example, calendar year 2025, or your financial year.
- Collect every electricity bill for that period. If you have more than one premises or meter, collect the bills for each.
- Find the kWh on each bill. Look for your usage or consumption in kWh, not the amount in dollars.
- Add up the kWh for all the months in the period.
- Multiply the total by 0.402. The answer is in kg of CO2.
- Divide by 1,000 to convert to tonnes, which is how most customers ask for it.
A worked example
These are example inputs, not a real company's data.
A small office has 12 monthly electricity bills for calendar year 2025:
| Month (2025) | Electricity used (kWh) |
|---|---|
| Jan | 1,420 |
| Feb | 1,310 |
| Mar | 1,480 |
| Apr | 1,560 |
| May | 1,640 |
| Jun | 1,590 |
| Jul | 1,610 |
| Aug | 1,620 |
| Sep | 1,570 |
| Oct | 1,530 |
| Nov | 1,450 |
| Dec | 1,380 |
| Total | 18,160 |
- 18,160 kWh × 0.402 kg CO2 per kWh = 7,300.32 kg CO2
- 7,300.32 kg ÷ 1,000 = about 7.30 tonnes CO2.
That's this office's Scope 2 for 2025. When you report it, state the factor and where it came from (for example: "0.402 kg CO2/kWh, EMA, Singapore Energy Statistics 2025") so your customer can check the working.
Common mistakes, and how to avoid them
- Using dollars instead of kWh. The factor is per kWh. Your bill amount moves with tariffs, so it can't be converted into emissions. Always work from the kWh.
- Mixing in months outside the period. A bill is often dated after the month it covers. Go by the usage period printed on the bill, not the bill date. If a bill straddles two periods, choose one approach (for example, split it by days), use it every time, and say which you used.
- Mixing up kg and tonnes. 0.402 × kWh gives kg. Dividing by 1,000 gives tonnes. An answer that is 1,000 times too big or too small usually means this step was missed or done twice.
- Using another country's factor. Every grid has its own factor. For electricity used in Singapore, use Singapore's.
- Missing a meter. A second unit, a workshop or a site with its own account is easy to forget. List your premises before you start adding.
Which year's factor should you use?
The factor changes a little from year to year: EMA's figure for 2023 was 0.412, and for 2024 it is 0.402.
Our approach: every Uncle ESG report uses 0.402, EMA's latest published figure, whatever year your bills are from, and every report cites it. That keeps reports consistent and easy to check. See How we calculate for the full method.
Your customer may have their own rule, such as a particular year's factor or a template that asks for it. If they do, follow what they ask, and note the factor you used next to your figure.
If your electricity plan comes with renewable energy certificates, there is also a "market-based" way of reporting Scope 2. We only report it if you send us the retailer contract or certificates.
If you'd rather not do it yourself
Uncle ESG does this for you. Send your electricity bills (and fuel bills, for Scope 1), and a person compiles a GHG Protocol-aligned Scope 1 & 2 report, with every factor cited to its official Singapore source.
- Standard: S$150, 5 business days.
- Priority: S$300, 48 hours, firm.
- Multi-Site: S$250 for the first site plus S$90 per additional site, 7–14 days.
Fixed price, paid upfront. Turnaround counts from a complete submission, once we have your full details and bills, not from the moment you pay. Get started.
Sources
- Singapore Energy Statistics 2025, Chapter 2 (Grid Emission Factor), Energy Market Authority.
- GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance, World Resources Institute and WBCSD.